{"id":13,"date":"2014-07-21T13:22:26","date_gmt":"2014-07-21T13:22:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/blog\/?page_id=13"},"modified":"2026-10-01T09:09:52","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T09:09:52","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/?page_id=13","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- OPTIM research map. Upload optim-research-map.svg beside this page, or replace its src with the uploaded URL. -->\n<style>\n.optim-research {font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#333;line-height:1.65;max-width:1400px;margin:auto;}\n.optim-research * {box-sizing:border-box;}\n.optim-research a {color:#a80808;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px;}\n.optim-research a:hover {color:#680000;}\n.optim-intro {max-width:1000px;font-size:17px;}\n.optim-layout {display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:flex-start;gap:2rem;}\n.optim-figure {flex:1 1 600px;min-width:0;margin:0;}\n.optim-map {position:relative;width:100%;aspect-ratio:1200\/1280;}\n.optim-map img {display:block;width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;}\n.optim-map button {position:absolute;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);aspect-ratio:1;border:3px solid transparent;border-radius:50%;background:transparent;padding:0;cursor:pointer;display:none;}\n.optim-enhanced .optim-map button {display:block;}\n.optim-map button:hover {background:#cf080811;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #cf08084d;}\n.optim-map button[aria-pressed=\"true\"] {box-shadow:0 0 0 4px #ff1744;}\n.optim-research :focus-visible {outline:3px solid #1459a6;outline-offset:5px;}\n.optim-copy {flex:1 1 340px;min-width:0;border-top:4px solid #cf0808;padding-top:1rem;margin-top:1.25rem;}\n.optim-copy h2 {font-size:25px;line-height:1.22;margin:.35rem 0 1rem;}\n.optim-copy h3 {font-size:18px;margin-top:1.3rem;}\n.optim-copy p {margin:0 0 1rem;}\n.optim-kicker {font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.1em;color:#666;}\n.optim-related {display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.45rem;}\n.optim-related a {font-size:14px;padding:.25rem .55rem;border:1px solid #ddd;border-radius:4px;text-decoration:none;}\n.optim-research figcaption {font-size:13px;color:#666;margin-top:1rem;}\n.optim-select {display:none;margin:1rem 0;}\n.optim-enhanced .optim-select {display:block;}\n.optim-select label {display:block;font-size:14px;margin-bottom:.35rem;}\n.optim-select select {width:100%;padding:.7rem;border:1px solid #bbb;border-radius:4px;background:white;color:#333;font:inherit;}\n.optim-research [hidden] {display:none!important;}\n.optim-all {margin-top:1.2rem;background:white;border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:4px;padding:.5rem .75rem;font:inherit;font-size:14px;cursor:pointer;display:none;}\n.optim-enhanced .optim-all {display:inline-block;}\n.optim-article {padding-bottom:1rem;}\n.optim-article+.optim-article {border-top:1px solid #ddd;padding-top:1rem;}\n.optim-article[hidden]+.optim-article {border-top:0;padding-top:0;}\n@media(max-width:700px){.optim-layout{gap:0}.optim-figure{flex-basis:100%}.optim-copy{flex-basis:100%;margin-top:1.5rem}.optim-intro{font-size:16px}.optim-copy h2{font-size:23px}}\n@media print{.optim-select,.optim-all{display:none!important}.optim-layout{display:block}.optim-figure{max-width:600px;margin:auto}.optim-article[hidden]{display:block!important}.optim-article{break-inside:avoid}.optim-overview{display:none}.optim-map button{display:none!important}}\n<\/style>\n<section id=\"optim-research\" class=\"optim-research\" aria-label=\"OPTIM research\">\n<p class=\"optim-intro\">Optics for Intelligent Measurement (OPTIM) develops optical sensing and imaging technologies for healthcare, biotechnology and other challenging environments. We combine optical fibres, meta-optics and miniaturised devices with computational imaging and AI. Our aim is to sense and image where conventional technologies cannot, connecting sensor design and fabrication with calibration, reconstruction, interpretation and validation.<\/p>\n<p><em>Click a theme or topic in the map to explore our research and papers.<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"optim-layout\"><figure class=\"optim-figure\"><div class=\"optim-map\">\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/optim-research-map.png\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1280\" alt=\"OPTIM research map: three grey theme circles connected to twelve red-outlined research topics.\">\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"photonic\" aria-label=\"Photonic sensors and materials\" title=\"Photonic sensors and materials\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:50.00000%;top:42.96875%;width:21.33333%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"computational\" aria-label=\"Computational sensing and AI\" title=\"Computational sensing and AI\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:64.16667%;top:64.84375%;width:21.33333%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"healthcare\" aria-label=\"Healthcare translation\" title=\"Healthcare translation\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:35.83333%;top:64.84375%;width:21.33333%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"meta-optics\" aria-label=\"Meta-optics and fabrication\" title=\"Meta-optics and fabrication\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:50.00000%;top:18.75000%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"spectral\" aria-label=\"Spectral filters and hyperpixels\" title=\"Spectral filters and hyperpixels\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:69.16667%;top:23.56469%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"fibre-imaging\" aria-label=\"Optical fibre imaging\" title=\"Optical fibre imaging\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:83.19767%;top:36.71875%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"calibration\" aria-label=\"Fibre calibration\" title=\"Fibre calibration\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:88.33333%;top:54.68750%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"ai\" aria-label=\"Physics-informed and interpretable AI\" title=\"Physics-informed and interpretable AI\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:83.19767%;top:72.65625%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"reconstruction\" aria-label=\"Computational reconstruction\" title=\"Computational reconstruction\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:69.16667%;top:85.81030%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"wavefront\" aria-label=\"Wavefront shaping and holography\" title=\"Wavefront shaping and holography\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:50.00000%;top:90.62500%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"simulation\" aria-label=\"Quantitative imaging and metrology\" title=\"Quantitative imaging and metrology\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:30.83333%;top:85.81030%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"clinical\" aria-label=\"Clinical evaluation and safety\" title=\"Clinical evaluation and safety\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:16.80233%;top:72.65625%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"endoscopy\" aria-label=\"Miniaturised endoscopy\" title=\"Miniaturised endoscopy\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:11.66667%;top:54.68750%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"biomarkers\" aria-label=\"Optical biomarkers and cancer imaging\" title=\"Optical biomarkers and cancer imaging\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:16.80233%;top:36.71875%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<button type=\"button\" data-topic=\"lab-on-fibre\" aria-label=\"Lab-on-fibre sensing\" title=\"Lab-on-fibre sensing\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\" aria-pressed=\"false\" style=\"left:30.83333%;top:23.56469%;width:14.66667%;\"><\/button>\n<\/div><figcaption>Lines connect topics to the themes they contribute to. Lighter lines show additional connections.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"optim-copy\"><div class=\"optim-select\"><label for=\"optim-topic-select\">Choose a research theme or topic<\/label><select id=\"optim-topic-select\"><option value=\"overview\">Research overview<\/option><optgroup label=\"Research themes\"><option value=\"photonic\">Photonic sensors and materials<\/option><option value=\"computational\">Computational sensing and AI<\/option><option value=\"healthcare\">Healthcare translation<\/option><\/optgroup><optgroup label=\"Research topics\"><option value=\"meta-optics\">Meta-optics and fabrication<\/option><option value=\"spectral\">Spectral filters and hyperpixels<\/option><option value=\"fibre-imaging\">Optical fibre imaging<\/option><option value=\"calibration\">Fibre calibration<\/option><option value=\"ai\">Physics-informed and interpretable AI<\/option><option value=\"reconstruction\">Computational reconstruction<\/option><option value=\"wavefront\">Wavefront shaping and holography<\/option><option value=\"simulation\">Quantitative imaging and metrology<\/option><option value=\"clinical\">Clinical evaluation and safety<\/option><option value=\"endoscopy\">Miniaturised endoscopy<\/option><option value=\"biomarkers\">Optical biomarkers and cancer imaging<\/option><option value=\"lab-on-fibre\">Lab-on-fibre sensing<\/option><\/optgroup><\/select><\/div>\n<div id=\"optim-description\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\"><section class=\"optim-overview\" data-panel=\"overview\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Three interconnected themes<\/div><h2>From optical devices to useful measurements<\/h2><p>Explore the map to see how our research connects.<\/p><h3><a href=\"#optim-photonic\" data-topic=\"photonic\">Photonic sensors and materials<\/a><\/h3><p>Designing and fabricating the devices that collect and shape light.<\/p><h3><a href=\"#optim-computational\" data-topic=\"computational\">Computational sensing and AI<\/a><\/h3><p>Calibrating instruments and recovering reliable, interpretable information.<\/p><h3><a href=\"#optim-healthcare\" data-topic=\"healthcare\">Healthcare translation<\/a><\/h3><p>Developing and evaluating technologies for minimally invasive imaging and sensing.<\/p><\/section><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-photonic\" data-panel=\"photonic\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research theme<\/div><h2>Photonic sensors and materials<\/h2><p>We develop optical fibres, meta-optics and miniaturised devices that control how light interacts with a sample. Our work combines <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0252562\">scalable fabrication of planar lenses on fibre tips<\/a> with <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37188\/lam.2025.067\">application-specific spectral filter arrays<\/a>. These technologies connect sensor design and manufacture to computational reconstruction and compact biomedical imaging.<\/p><h3>Explore this theme<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-meta-optics\" data-topic=\"meta-optics\">Meta-optics and fabrication<\/a><a href=\"#optim-spectral\" data-topic=\"spectral\">Spectral filters and hyperpixels<\/a><a href=\"#optim-fibre-imaging\" data-topic=\"fibre-imaging\">Optical fibre imaging<\/a><a href=\"#optim-calibration\" data-topic=\"calibration\">Fibre calibration<\/a><a href=\"#optim-wavefront\" data-topic=\"wavefront\">Wavefront shaping and holography<\/a><a href=\"#optim-endoscopy\" data-topic=\"endoscopy\">Miniaturised endoscopy<\/a><a href=\"#optim-lab-on-fibre\" data-topic=\"lab-on-fibre\">Lab-on-fibre sensing<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-computational\" data-panel=\"computational\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research theme<\/div><h2>Computational sensing and AI<\/h2><p>We develop calibration, reconstruction and machine-learning methods that turn complex measurements into useful information. Examples include <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42005-023-01410-x\">neural-network recovery of fibre transmission matrices<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.541857\">high-speed wavefront shaping<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3556599\">interpretable analysis of phonon microscopy data<\/a>. Physical models and experimental validation help us understand what a method learns and where it can be used.<\/p><h3>Explore this theme<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-fibre-imaging\" data-topic=\"fibre-imaging\">Optical fibre imaging<\/a><a href=\"#optim-calibration\" data-topic=\"calibration\">Fibre calibration<\/a><a href=\"#optim-ai\" data-topic=\"ai\">Physics-informed and interpretable AI<\/a><a href=\"#optim-reconstruction\" data-topic=\"reconstruction\">Computational reconstruction<\/a><a href=\"#optim-wavefront\" data-topic=\"wavefront\">Wavefront shaping and holography<\/a><a href=\"#optim-simulation\" data-topic=\"simulation\">Quantitative imaging and metrology<\/a><a href=\"#optim-biomarkers\" data-topic=\"biomarkers\">Optical biomarkers and cancer imaging<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-healthcare\" data-panel=\"healthcare\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research theme<\/div><h2>Healthcare translation<\/h2><p>We work towards minimally invasive imaging and sensing for earlier disease detection. Our research spans <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JBO.29.2.026002\">miniaturised quantitative endoscopy<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JBO.24.12.126004\">label-free tissue contrast<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2022.05.018\">clinical studies of endoscopy procedures<\/a>. We evaluate technologies in phantoms and biological samples, and work with clinical collaborators to address the practical requirements of their use in healthcare.<\/p><h3>Explore this theme<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-fibre-imaging\" data-topic=\"fibre-imaging\">Optical fibre imaging<\/a><a href=\"#optim-ai\" data-topic=\"ai\">Physics-informed and interpretable AI<\/a><a href=\"#optim-simulation\" data-topic=\"simulation\">Quantitative imaging and metrology<\/a><a href=\"#optim-clinical\" data-topic=\"clinical\">Clinical evaluation and safety<\/a><a href=\"#optim-endoscopy\" data-topic=\"endoscopy\">Miniaturised endoscopy<\/a><a href=\"#optim-biomarkers\" data-topic=\"biomarkers\">Optical biomarkers and cancer imaging<\/a><a href=\"#optim-lab-on-fibre\" data-topic=\"lab-on-fibre\">Lab-on-fibre sensing<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-meta-optics\" data-panel=\"meta-optics\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Meta-optics and fabrication<\/h2><p>We fabricate thin optical structures that shape light at the tips of hair-thin fibres. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0252562\">scalable transfer process for single- and multi-layer planar lenses<\/a> supports both tightly focused and extended-depth beams, with preliminary demonstrations of lateral imaging and optical coherence tomography. This approach connects planar manufacturing to miniature imaging probes. Related work explores <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c00836\">holographic metasurfaces whose response changes with the surrounding medium<\/a>.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-photonic\" data-topic=\"photonic\">Photonic sensors and materials<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-spectral\" data-panel=\"spectral\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Spectral filters and hyperpixels<\/h2><p>We design spectral filters around the information an imaging task needs. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37188\/lam.2025.067\">Hyperpixels<\/a> combine multiple optical resonators within each pixel to tailor its spectral response, improving discrimination between target spectra in our experiments. They build on our <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsphotonics.9b01196\">single-step fabrication of bespoke multispectral filter arrays<\/a>. These compact devices offer a route to application-specific spectral imaging in miniature instruments.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-photonic\" data-topic=\"photonic\">Photonic sensors and materials<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-fibre-imaging\" data-panel=\"fibre-imaging\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Optical fibre imaging<\/h2><p>We use optical fibres to carry images through narrow spaces, supporting the development of hair-thin endoscopes. By measuring and correcting how a fibre transforms light, we recover <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.27.023929\">amplitude, phase and polarisation images through a fibre bundle<\/a>. Our work also demonstrates <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adom.202401985\">controlled intensity and phase patterns through a multimode fibre<\/a>, including image formation away from the fibre tip. Probe hardware, calibration and reconstruction are designed together.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-photonic\" data-topic=\"photonic\">Photonic sensors and materials<\/a><a href=\"#optim-computational\" data-topic=\"computational\">Computational sensing and AI<\/a><a href=\"#optim-healthcare\" data-topic=\"healthcare\">Healthcare translation<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-calibration\" data-panel=\"calibration\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Fibre calibration<\/h2><p>Fibre bending and temperature changes can scramble an image, making calibration essential. We developed a <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevX.9.041050\">reflection-based framework using metasurface reflector stacks<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42005-023-01410-x\">neural networks that recover transmission matrices from simulated single-ended measurements, cross-validated with experimentally measured matrices<\/a>. Related studies address <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/AO.454679\">interferometer phase drift<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOSAA.464916\">measurement noise<\/a>. Together, these methods work towards reliable imaging when the far end of the fibre is inaccessible.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-computational\" data-topic=\"computational\">Computational sensing and AI<\/a><a href=\"#optim-photonic\" data-topic=\"photonic\">Photonic sensors and materials<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-ai\" data-panel=\"ai\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Physics-informed and interpretable AI<\/h2><p>We combine machine learning with knowledge of the measurement process. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42005-023-01410-x\">fibre-calibration networks<\/a> use a loss function that accounts for an ambiguity in optical phase. In <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3556599\">phonon microscopy<\/a>, multi-task conditional networks reduce differences between experimental batches while classifying cells and recovering signals that can be interpreted physically. Published conference work extends <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.3077568\">physics-informed AI to fibre calibration from partial measurements<\/a>.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-computational\" data-topic=\"computational\">Computational sensing and AI<\/a><a href=\"#optim-healthcare\" data-topic=\"healthcare\">Healthcare translation<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-reconstruction\" data-panel=\"reconstruction\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Computational reconstruction<\/h2><p>We develop algorithms that recover meaningful images from distorted or indirect measurements. This includes <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMI.2018.2875875\">reconstruction of optical vector fields for endoscopic imaging<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.458554\">neural-network mapping of tissue absorption and scattering from structured-light images<\/a>. In the latter work, synthetic data provide known ground truth and realistic geometries; experiments combining synthetic and measured training data test how the method transfers to physical samples.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-computational\" data-topic=\"computational\">Computational sensing and AI<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-wavefront\" data-panel=\"wavefront\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Wavefront shaping and holography<\/h2><p>We control the spatial structure of light for imaging, projection and propagation through complex media. Our work includes <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/OE.541857\">fast, light-efficient wavefront shaping with a MEMS phase-only modulator<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adom.202401985\">phase-retrieval methods for generating structured fields through multimode fibres<\/a>. We also contribute practical computational tools, including <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpc.2021.108139\">HoloGen for high-speed hologram generation<\/a>.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-computational\" data-topic=\"computational\">Computational sensing and AI<\/a><a href=\"#optim-photonic\" data-topic=\"photonic\">Photonic sensors and materials<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-simulation\" data-panel=\"simulation\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Quantitative imaging and metrology<\/h2><p>We model how illumination, sample shape and light scattering affect quantitative measurements. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.484286\">open-source 3D simulation framework for spatial frequency domain imaging<\/a> tests realistic geometries, including the inside of tubular organs, and helps identify calibration requirements before a system is built. The same modelling approach supplies <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/BOE.458554\">synthetic training data for optical-property reconstruction<\/a>, linking instrument design to computational analysis.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-computational\" data-topic=\"computational\">Computational sensing and AI<\/a><a href=\"#optim-healthcare\" data-topic=\"healthcare\">Healthcare translation<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-clinical\" data-panel=\"clinical\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Clinical evaluation and safety<\/h2><p>We work with clinicians to evaluate practical questions around endoscopic procedures. Our studies have <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2022.05.018\">measured aerosol and droplet generation during gastrointestinal endoscopy<\/a>, investigated <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/deo2.231\">air filtration in endoscopy rooms<\/a> and compared <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/dote\/doad061\">aerosol production during Cytosponge and conventional upper gastrointestinal endoscopy<\/a>. This work complements optical technology development with experience of measurement in real clinical settings.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-healthcare\" data-topic=\"healthcare\">Healthcare translation<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-endoscopy\" data-panel=\"endoscopy\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Miniaturised endoscopy<\/h2><p>We develop small endoscopes that capture more information than conventional white-light images. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JBO.29.2.026002\">dual-wavelength spatial frequency domain imaging prototype<\/a> measures absorption and scattering in tissue-mimicking phantoms using miniature fibre illumination and a micro-camera. Complementary work on <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-09484-4\">hyperspectral endoscopy<\/a> demonstrated spectral imaging in phantoms and excised tissues, including imaging during freehand motion. These studies establish capabilities needed for future clinical evaluation.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-healthcare\" data-topic=\"healthcare\">Healthcare translation<\/a><a href=\"#optim-photonic\" data-topic=\"photonic\">Photonic sensors and materials<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-biomarkers\" data-panel=\"biomarkers\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Optical biomarkers and cancer imaging<\/h2><p>We investigate tissue properties that could reveal disease without added labels. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JBO.24.12.126004\">Phase and polarisation imaging through optical fibres<\/a> revealed early tumours in excised mouse oesophageal tissue that were not apparent in amplitude-only images. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-09484-4\">Hyperspectral imaging<\/a> distinguished spectral profiles in normal and pathological excised human tissue. Related <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3556599\">phonon microscopy research<\/a> connects cell classification to interpretable mechanical features, including adhesion.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-healthcare\" data-topic=\"healthcare\">Healthcare translation<\/a><a href=\"#optim-computational\" data-topic=\"computational\">Computational sensing and AI<\/a><\/nav><\/article><article class=\"optim-article\" id=\"optim-lab-on-fibre\" data-panel=\"lab-on-fibre\"><div class=\"optim-kicker\">Research topic<\/div><h2>Lab-on-fibre sensing<\/h2><p>We integrate optical functionality onto fibre tips to create compact probes for imaging and sensing. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0252562\">Transferred planar optics<\/a> provide a fabrication route for miniature devices with tailored beam shapes. Published conference work also explores an <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.3089097\">optical-fibre refractive-index sensor modified with a gold nanodisc metasurface<\/a>. This direction links nanostructured materials with measurements close to the sample.<\/p><h3>Connected themes<\/h3><nav class=\"optim-related\" aria-label=\"Related research\"><a href=\"#optim-photonic\" data-topic=\"photonic\">Photonic sensors and materials<\/a><a href=\"#optim-healthcare\" data-topic=\"healthcare\">Healthcare translation<\/a><\/nav><\/article><\/div>\n<button class=\"optim-all\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"optim-description\">Read all descriptions<\/button>\n<\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<script>\n(function(){\n const root=document.getElementById('optim-research');\n if(!root) return;\n const panels=[...root.querySelectorAll('[data-panel]')];\n const select=root.querySelector('select');\n const allButton=root.querySelector('.optim-all');\n const region=root.querySelector('#optim-description');\n let current='overview', showingAll=false;\n function show(id,updateHash){\n   if(!panels.some(p=>p.dataset.panel===id)) id='overview';\n   current=id;showingAll=false;\n   panels.forEach(p=>{p.hidden=p.dataset.panel!==id;});\n   root.querySelectorAll('.optim-map button').forEach(b=>b.setAttribute('aria-pressed',String(b.dataset.topic===id)));\n   select.value=id;allButton.textContent='Read all descriptions';allButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded','false');\n   if(updateHash) history.replaceState(null,'','#optim-'+id);\n }\n root.addEventListener('click',function(e){\n   const trigger=e.target.closest('[data-topic]');\n   if(!trigger) return;\n   e.preventDefault();show(trigger.dataset.topic,true);\n   if(matchMedia('(max-width:700px)').matches) region.scrollIntoView({block:'start',behavior:'auto'});\n });\n select.addEventListener('change',()=>show(select.value,true));\n allButton.addEventListener('click',()=>{\n   if(showingAll){show(current,false);return;}\n   showingAll=true;panels.forEach(p=>{p.hidden=p.dataset.panel==='overview';});\n   allButton.textContent='Return to selected topic';allButton.setAttribute('aria-expanded','true');\n });\n function fromHash(){show(location.hash.startsWith('#optim-')?location.hash.slice(7):'overview',false);}\n root.classList.add('optim-enhanced');fromHash();window.addEventListener('hashchange',fromHash);\n})();\n<\/script>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Optics for Intelligent Measurement (OPTIM) develops optical sensing and imaging technologies for healthcare, biotechnology and other challenging environments. We combine optical fibres, meta-optics and miniaturised devices with computational imaging and AI. Our aim is to sense and image where conventional technologies cannot, connecting sensor design and fabrication with calibration, reconstruction, interpretation and validation. Click a &#8230; <a title=\"Research\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/?page_id=13\" aria-label=\"Read more about Research\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13","page","type-page","status-publish"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13"}],"version-history":[{"count":109,"href":"https:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":864,"href":"https:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13\/revisions\/864"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.georgesdgordon.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}